7. Linux Hardening

Ubuntu/Debian (unattended-upgrades)

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt install unattended-upgrades
sudo dpkg-reconfigure --priority=low unattended-upgrades

Red Hat/CentOS (yum-cron)

sudo yum update
sudo yum install yum-cron
sudo systemctl enable yum-cron
sudo systemctl start yum-cron

Find SUID binaries

find / -perm -4000 2>/dev/null

Find world-writable files/directories

find / -perm -o+w -type f 2>/dev/null
find / -perm -o+w -type d 2>/dev/null

Check cron jobs (root)

sudo crontab -l

Check cron jobs (user)

crontab -l

Check sudo privileges

sudo -l

Check home directories

ls -la ~

Check bash history

cat ~/.bash_history

Check for custom libraries (example)

ldd <binary_name>

Remove unnecessary packages (example)

sudo apt remove <package_name> # or sudo yum remove <package_name>

SELinux status

sestatus

List users

cat /etc/passwd

List groups

cat /etc/group

Check login attempts

sudo cat /var/log/auth.log # or sudo journalctl -u sshd.service

Password policy (example)

sudo cat /etc/login.defs

Rotate passwords (example)

sudo passwd <username>

Check /etc/security/opasswd (example)

sudo cat /etc/security/opasswd

Clone Lynis

git clone https://github.com/CISOfy/lynis.git
cd lynis

Run Lynis audit

sudo ./lynis audit system

Key Hardening Practices:

1. Updates and Patching:

   • Importance: Addresses known vulnerabilities.

   • Tools: unattended-upgrades (Debian/Ubuntu), yum-cron (Red Hat).

   • Best Practices: Automate updates, prioritize security patches.

2. Configuration Management:

   • Importance: Secures system settings.

   • Practices:

     • Audit file permissions (SUID, writable).

     • Use absolute paths in cron and sudo.

     • Secure credentials.

     • Clean up user directories and bash history.

     • Secure custom libraries.

     • Remove unnecessary packages/services.

     • Implement SELinux (or AppArmor).

3. User Management:

   • Importance: Controls user access.

   • Practices:

     • Limit user and admin accounts.

     • Log and monitor logon attempts.

     • Enforce strong password policies.

     • Restrict group memberships.

     • Implement the principle of least privilege for sudo.

4. Audit:

   • Importance: Regularly assess security posture.

   • Practices:

     • Perform security and configuration checks.

     • Use security baselines (DISA STIGs).

     • Follow compliance frameworks (ISO27001, PCI-DSS, HIPAA).

     • Use auditing tools (Lynis).

5. Automation:

   • Importance: Improves efficiency and consistency.

   • Tools: Puppet, SaltStack, Zabbix, Nagios.

   • Practices:

     • Automate configuration checks and remediation.

     • Use checksum verification for sensitive binaries.

Lynis Auditing Tool:

• Purpose: Performs security audits and provides hardening tips.

• Usage: ./lynis audit system.

• Features:

  • Warnings and suggestions.

  • Hardening index.

  • Detailed scan report.

• Importance: Provides a good base line security audit.

Key Enhancements and Considerations:

• Security Baselines: Emphasize the importance of using established security benchmarks.

• Principle of Least Privilege: Reinforce the importance of granting only necessary permissions.

• Log Monitoring: Stress the importance of centralized log monitoring for detecting suspicious activity.

• File Integrity Monitoring: Highlight the value of tools that detect unauthorized file changes.

• Automation Security: Be aware of the security risks that come with automation. If automation tools are not secured properly, they can become an attack vector.

• Regular Penetration Testing: Emphasize that audits are not a replacement for regular penetration testing.

• Container Security: More information could be given about how to harden containers.

• Kernel Hardening: More information could be given about kernel hardening best practices.

• Network Hardening: More information could be given about network hardening best practices.

• Security awareness training: Emphasize the importance of security awareness training for all users.